Frequently Asked Questions

By increasing the return on sustainable assets, Eddy Grid contributes to making the energy transition affordable.
We do this by using smart algorithms to control the assets and trade on the various energy markets and respond to the passive imbalance market.

For companies that want to get more return from their sustainable assets.

Whether you want to increase revenue generated by your battery, optimize your solar and/or wind assets or a combination of this, Eddy Grid can help you to achieve this.

We have a wide variety of products and can serve various types of companies.

We help our customers to get the best return on investment on their renewable assets through various services.

You can find a full overview of our services here

The business cases that Eddy Grid shares during the sales process are based on a backcast: we calculate what revenues would have been generated if our algorithm had already been active on your assets over the past year, using the actual market prices from that period. In doing so, we look specifically at your consumption patterns and generation data — over the course of a full year, we analyse every 15 minutes how much capacity is available on your connection to help balance the electricity grid. By supporting the grid at the right moments, a compensation can be received from the grid operator for doing so. The costs and revenues in the business case are independent of the existing costs and revenues at your site.

Important to note: a backcast is explicitly not a prediction of future revenues. Energy markets are dynamic and conditions can vary significantly from year to year, meaning actual revenues may differ from what the business case shows.

To steer assets optimally, Eddy Grid needs every controllable asset on site to be connected to a supported EMS (Energy Management System). The supported EMS platforms are: Envi-base (Envitron), Smartbox (Zonneklaar), and Teleport (Withthegrid).

Each asset must be supported in the EMS provider's asset library and report both power (kW) and energy (kWh) data at 1-minute resolution. This applies to batteries, PV inverters, and wind installations.

If the combined output of all assets could exceed the contracted export limit, Eddy Grid additionally requires access to the main meter (hoofdmeter) — or preferably a sub-meter (tussenmeter) — delivering real-time kW and kWh data to third parties at minute-level resolution, enabling grid limit protection and accurate day-ahead/intraday market steering.

This depends on the purchased products and complexity. If the required hardware and connections are already present, it can be arranged in a matter of days!

We have no influence on the installation times of third parties.

The various energy markets – Day Ahead, Intraday, and Imbalance – work closely together and continuously influence one another.

On the Day Ahead market, bids are placed 'blind': bids are submitted in advance without knowledge of the final market price. This means we must make assumptions about expected prices across all markets. An important constraint is that once capacity is committed on the Day Ahead market, it is no longer available for sale on the Intraday or Imbalance market. We have an obligation to fulfil our nominations.

The Intraday market, by contrast, is a continuous market in which positions can be adjusted throughout the day based on new information and current price developments.

Supply and demand of energy are not always in balance. When that balance is disrupted, it affects the price on the Imbalance market. Imbalance prices are determined per quarter-hour and can fluctuate significantly — ranging from negative to sharp spikes upward. Our algorithm continuously calculates whether it is more advantageous to fulfil our nominations, or to deliberately deviate from them in order to benefit from favourable imbalance prices.

Forecasts of consumption and production are never 100% accurate, which can lead to imbalance costs. The ex-post market is a trading mechanism following delivery, which allows us to adjust our energy positions to correct imbalances and reduce associated costs. Eddy Grid manages not just a single asset, but an entire portfolio of assets. This offers a significant advantage: by spreading positions across multiple assets, we can offset imbalance risks against one another, resulting in a portfolio benefit. Where one asset has a shortfall, another can absorb the surplus. As a result, we need to make fewer costly corrections on the imbalance market, which lowers the total costs for the portfolio. Individual assets benefit from the scale and stability of the portfolio as a whole — an advantage that a standalone asset does not have.

New Developments:

We are currently busy testing on the aFRR market and further refining our trading strategy. Once testing is complete, we will make this functionality available to more customers in a phased rollout.

We closely monitor relevant market developments and continuously work on new initiatives to keep delivering maximum value, even in changing and challenging market conditions.

Imbalance on the energy grid refers to the difference between the amount of electricity generated at a given moment and the amount consumed at that same moment. Because electricity is difficult to store on a large scale, the electricity grid must be in balance at all times: supply and demand must be exactly the same, second after second.

TenneT and other grid operators pay for flexibility. That is to say: the ability to quickly switch on or off. This is done on the imbalance market.

The imbalance market is managed by the grid operator (such as TenneT in the Netherlands). This market is used to make quick corrections when there is an imbalance between generation and consumption on the grid. Market parties can benefit financially from this by offering their flexibility.

With Eddy Grid you can use your assets to gain returns from this imbalance market.

More info can be found here

The various energy markets – Day Ahead, Intraday, and Imbalance – work closely together and continuously influence one another.

On the Day Ahead market, bids are placed 'blind': bids are submitted in advance without knowledge of the final market price. This means we must make assumptions about expected prices across all markets. An important constraint is that once capacity is committed on the Day Ahead market, it is no longer available for sale on the Intraday or Imbalance market. We have an obligation to fulfil our nominations.

The Intraday market, by contrast, is a continuous market in which positions can be adjusted throughout the day based on new information and current price developments. Supply and demand of energy are not always in balance. When that balance is disrupted, it affects the price on the Imbalance market. Imbalance prices are determined per quarter-hour and can fluctuate significantly — ranging from negative to sharp spikes upward.

Our algorithm continuously calculates whether it is more advantageous to fulfil our nominations, or to deliberately deviate from them in order to benefit from favourable imbalance prices. It makes a constant strategic trade-off between certainty and flexibility. Because prices are not known in advance, we estimate the expected price level and volatility for each market — and respond dynamically.

Why do we charge on the intraday market?

An example of the battery strategy during passive imbalance — before and after a peak moment.

It sometimes occurs that following an imbalance price spike, we actively purchase on the intraday market — rather than waiting for a cheaper imbalance moment. This may not seem intuitive at first, but it is often the most profitable choice. Below we explain why.

The situation step by step:

Suppose the imbalance price rises sharply to between €150 and €250 per MWh. At that point, the battery discharges fully — from 50% down to 12% state of charge — and we sell energy at a high price. This generates a revenue of approximately €1,850.

After the peak, the imbalance price drops significantly, to €50–€60 per MWh. At that same moment, the intraday purchase price is €70–€80 per MWh — higher than the imbalance price. Nevertheless, we deliberately choose to purchase on the intraday market and recharge the battery back to 50%. The cost of doing so is approximately €290.

This results in a net revenue of +€1,560 for this cycle — and the battery is ready again for the next peak.

Why not wait for a cheaper imbalance moment?

Because we must fulfil our nominations and the imbalance market is unpredictable. By actively purchasing on the intraday market, we restore our position in a controlled manner — ensuring we are ready when the next opportunity arises.

The logic at a glance

This does not happen often, but there are situations where a position is sold at a lower price than it was originally bought for, or vice versa.

Market predictions can change after a trade has already been made — for example, if a quarter hour was bought on day-ahead but the imbalance price for that period is now expected to be very negative, it can be more profitable to sell the position on intraday at a small loss, freeing the battery to charge at deeply negative imbalance prices and earn more overall. The small loss on the closed trade is more than offset by the gain on imbalance.

Another reason is operational: if earlier actions have left the battery too full or too empty to follow a nomination, closing the position on intraday prevents imbalance exposure, which could be far more costly than the loss on the trade itself.

Eddy Grid curtails PV production when the expected market price drops below the point at which producing and selling results in a net loss, after accounting for the SDE subsidy and GvO income foregone by curtailing. The threshold is the negative price at which the cost of producing exceeds the combined value of SDE and GvO income.

For the 2024 settlement year, the expected SDE subsidy is €19.10/MWh and GvO income is approximately €2.30/MWh. As long as the market price stays above -€21.40/MWh, production remains profitable. Below this threshold, the loss on the energy sale exceeds the subsidy and GvO income, and Eddy Grid curtails production. The threshold is dynamic: it differentiates between subsidised and non-subsidised quarters. During subsidised quarters, when SDE is paid out, the full threshold of -€21.40/MWh applies, as both the SDE subsidy and GvO income compensate for the negative market price. During non-subsidised quarters, the SDE component drops away and only GvO income remains, shifting the threshold up to -€2.30/MWh.

The curtailment threshold is ultimately determined by the asset owner. Eddy Grid provides a recommended threshold based on the SDE and GvO parameters, but the final decision rests with the asset owner. The threshold can be adjusted at any time during the contract period.

Eddy Grid manages all assets at your site — such as solar panels (PV), wind, and a battery — as a single whole via the orchestrator. It continuously monitors all controllable capacities, your contracted import and export capacity, and current market prices, selecting at every moment the combination that delivers the best financial result within your contractual limits.

For example, the orchestrator may choose to temporarily curtail PV output when export capacity is full, allowing the battery to use that capacity to discharge at more favourable imbalance or intraday prices. In this way, your grid connection is utilised as efficiently as possible across all assets.

At the same time, asset-specific settings are applied, tailored to your contract, the battery's C-rate and cycle limits, and transport and energy costs. This allows the battery to follow its own trading strategy, while always operating in coordination with the other assets via the orchestrator.

The goal is always to achieve the highest net result for the entire site — across the day-ahead, intraday, and imbalance markets — without unnecessarily exceeding your transport rights or cycle limits.

Some locations have energy that is produced or consumed outside of Eddy Grid's direct control, such as solar panels or wind turbines that fall outside our steering system. We call this unsteerable power. Even though we cannot control this energy directly, we can predict it using weather forecasts.

We use these predictions to make smarter trading decisions, for example by purchasing energy on the day-ahead market in anticipation of your expected consumption, or by taking your unsteerable production into account when optimising your battery or other steerable assets. The more accurate our predictions, the lower the risk of unfavourable imbalance prices. This way, unsteerable power contributes to a better overall result across all your assets and markets.

Eddy Grid configures your unsteerable assets in the background. For locations with large solar or wind installations outside our steering system, we may ask you to install an EMS or additional meter to improve the accuracy of our predictions.

Eddy Grid predicts your energy consumption based on your historical consumption pattern. This prediction allows us to anticipate your usage and trade accordingly.

Based on these predictions, we can store produced energy in your battery so it is available when you need it yourself, instead of feeding it back to the grid at an unfavourable moment. We can also buy the energy you are expected to need on the day-ahead and/or intraday market, at the most favourable price available at that time.

Sometimes it can be more favourable to export produced energy to the grid and buy back energy for your consumption later, depending on the prices at each moment.

This way, your own consumption is taken into account alongside the rest of your assets, contributing to a better overall

Grid congestion means that the electricity grid doesn’t have enough capacity at certain times to handle all the demand or supply. This happens because electricity demand is increasing, due to things like industrial electrification and the rapid growth of renewables like solar and wind. As a result, there are peak moments when the grid is “full”. Grid congestion makes it harder to get new or larger connections and requires innovative solutions and flexibility from businesses.

We are extremely good at responding to current market conditions. Over the longer term, the energy market is influenced by macro conditions such as the gas price, new products and markets, as well as expansions of the TSO/DSO network. This makes it very difficult to provide a longer-term forecast.

Renewable assets each have their own seasonal pattern, and Eddy Grid takes this into account when configuring trading strategies.

Solar (PV): Solar panels produce significantly more in the summer months than in winter. In summer, output can reach around 70% of annual peak capacity, while this drops to 10–20% in winter. In the Netherlands, this means a production of approximately 20.5 kWh per day in summer, compared to just 5.2 kWh per day in winter. This directly affects the expected export volumes and the day-ahead forecasts that Eddy Grid uses for market steering.

Wind: Wind follows the opposite pattern: wind production is significantly higher in winter than in summer. In summer, the temperature differences between land and sea are smaller, leading to weaker wind currents. In winter, wind speeds increase due to larger temperature gradients. Wind and solar therefore complement each other seasonally on sites where both assets are present.

Batteries: Seasonal analysis shows that summer yields the highest daily revenues, while winter brings the largest imbalance costs. Batteries therefore play a varying role per season: in summer they are used for price arbitrage during periods of high solar production and low prices, while in winter they are deployed more for imbalance management and grid protection. The core principle of arbitrage remains the same: charging during low-price periods and discharging during high-price periods.

For an accurate strategy, Eddy Grid therefore always requests SDE values, expected consumption and a clear description of the business case so that the trading strategy aligns with the specific seasonal profile of the site.

A group transport agreement allows multiple companies to share transport capacity on the same medium-voltage ring or, in the future, on the same substation. As a group, you can use available capacity more efficiently and individually reach a higher peak, as long as the total group capacity is not exceeded. This encourages cooperation and can bring financial benefits.

What happens during an imbalance peak? When the imbalance price spikes — sometimes to €1,000/MWh or higher — the algorithm responds by discharging the battery to sell energy at these elevated prices. The algorithm always tries to reserve enough capacity to react to these events, regardless of whether the battery was already discharging or sitting at its target state of charge. After the peak subsides, the battery recharges through the intraday market or by waiting for more favourable imbalance prices, ready to capture the next opportunity. This cycle of discharge, recharge, and wait is a core part of how the algorithm generates revenue.

Why is my battery discharging while imbalance prices are negative? It may seem counterintuitive, but there are good reasons for this. The battery may be following a nomination from an earlier day-ahead or intraday trade made at a different price — we honour these commitments. Alternatively, if we anticipate prices dropping even further, the algorithm may discharge now to free up capacity, accepting a small loss in order to charge at deeply negative prices later and earn more overall. In both cases, the algorithm is optimising for the best total result across all markets, not just the current quarter hour.

Why is my battery not trading? Trading only makes sense when the expected revenue exceeds all associated costs — including energy contract fees, transport costs, battery depreciation from cycling, and round-trip efficiency losses. When market prices are stable and the spread between high and low moments is small, the net result of a trade can turn negative after accounting for these factors. In those periods, the most profitable decision is to hold and wait for better conditions. Fewer transactions do not mean the algorithm is underperforming — it means it is protecting your net result by avoiding trades that would cost more than they earn.

This relates to how the system deploys your battery as efficiently and intelligently as possible. The system deliberately maintains a buffer, so that the battery can still respond to favourable energy prices later in the day.

We trade energy on, among other markets, the imbalance market — an energy market where supply and demand of electricity fluctuate constantly. By maintaining a buffer, the system can respond quickly when prices are favourable — both to discharge at high prices and to charge when that is advantageous. Fully depleting the battery is therefore financially less attractive in such cases.
In summary, the system does not discharge the battery further because, based on its calculations, that is simply not the best decision at that moment.

This may seem strange, but it is often a deliberate choice that contributes to a better financial outcome.

The system does not only look at whether a price is positive or negative. It looks at the relative value compared to other moments in the day. Even when the price is high in absolute terms, it can still be relatively low compared to other moments on the same day. If a higher price is expected shortly after, charging now allows the battery to discharge later at that higher price.

The system also trades on multiple markets simultaneously, such as the day-ahead, intraday and imbalance market, and optimises for the total result across all these markets. Charging at a relatively high price makes it possible to discharge at a higher price later. Charging can also serve to offset your own electricity consumption.

Because Eddy Grid is active on multiple markets, the prices achieved do not always correspond to the prices visible on external dashboards, such as that of the ANWB.

Grid costs are one of the largest cost components for a battery asset. The monthly kW-max charge from the grid operator is determined by the single highest import peak in a calendar month — so even one unusually high peak drives up costs for the entire month.

Strategies that simply maximise gross trading revenue often produce unnecessarily high import peaks, eroding the net result. Eddy Grid's optimisation algorithm treats the kW-max cost as an integral part of every trading decision, not as a pass-through. Each month, the algorithm recalculates the import limit that maximises net revenue, balancing trading income against grid costs.

When your battery approaches this import limit, the system automatically intervenes to prevent it from being exceeded. This may mean that battery charging is restricted, or that other assets such as solar panels are curtailed. Although limiting import reduces the flexibility of the system, the net result is expected to be more favourable overall: by avoiding high power peaks, kW-max costs decrease — and in most cases, this outweighs any potentially missed trading revenues.

To illustrate: for a 1 MW battery with import limited to 20%, the saving is nearly €3,000 in kW-max costs per month — roughly equivalent to what a 1 MW / 2 MWh battery would earn on the day-ahead market in February altogether. On top of that, a limited import affects the day-ahead spread: at 20% import, five times as many low-price moments are needed as high-price ones, significantly reducing the effective spread. The cost savings therefore clearly outweigh this.

Our 2025 backtest confirms this approach achieves 99.1% of the theoretical net optimum — the upper bound only reachable with perfect foresight. The kW-max settings (import throttle) are reviewed monthly to ensure the strategy remains aligned with your current situation.

There are a number of good reasons why your battery does not always charge using available solar energy. The algorithm makes a smart assessment based on multiple factors. In summary:

• Trading and optimisation strategy: it may be financially more advantageous to charge the battery later, for example when energy prices are more favourable. Transport costs and contractual terms also play a role here.
• Battery cycle limit: if your battery has a maximum number of charge cycles, the system sometimes reserves capacity for more valuable moments later in the day.

In summary: 'free' solar energy is never entirely free from the system's perspective — the expected future value of the battery capacity always plays a significant role.

Eddy Grid is qualified for both voluntary and contracted aFRR, and the first bids are now a reality.

What is aFRR?
aFRR is the control power that TenneT uses to keep the grid frequency around 50 Hz. BSPs (Balancing Service Providers) place bids with up- or down-regulation capacity, and TenneT activates these in real time whenever the grid needs adjustment. We translate that activation signal into control of the assets, which are rewarded at the moment their flexibility is actually deployed.

The difference between voluntary and contracted aFRR
With voluntary aFRR, we place bids per quarter-hour. Compensation is only received upon activation. With contracted aFRR, we place bids for blocks of at least four hours. When these bids are accepted, we as a BSP have a delivery obligation. In return, an accepted bid always comes with compensation for the capacity made available, regardless of actual activation. The compensation for activation comes on top of that.

Adding an asset to aFRR happens in two steps:

Step 1: Qualification with TenneT
We register our assets with TenneT for qualification. Approval from TenneT can take up to eight weeks. Once an asset is approved, it's added to our aFRR portfolio. This means the asset is qualified, but not yet actively bidding.

Step 2: Adding to the Eddy Grid aFRR pool
Assets from the portfolio are only added to our active aFRR pool once the location meets a set of technical requirements, particularly around communication speed and connection reliability. Only assets in the pool actually place bids and are controlled when TenneT requests adjustment.

Technical requirements for going live on aFRR

To add assets to the aFRR pool, the location must meet the following technical requirements:

1. Control via a Teleport from With The Grid
   We work with three EMS providers: With the Grid, Envitron, and Smartbox. Of these three, only With the Grid currently supports aFRR control.

2. EMS messaging frequency increase to 4 seconds
   By default, we receive data from the EMS every 60 seconds. For trading on the aFRR market, it's necessary to receive data every 4 seconds.

3. Reliable internet connection
   A fixed internet connection with a back-up, for example a 4G SIM card in the EMS, is required for contracted aFRR. For voluntary aFRR, a reliable 4G connection is sufficient. If the location only has a 4G connection, extra costs should be taken into account, since more data is being sent. Because the messaging frequency becomes 15x higher, these costs can add up quickly on 4G.

4. Well-functioning battery
   The battery needs to function well. This includes accurate and fast response to our set-points, and minimal unplanned downtime or other issues.

5. Required data from the asset
   To be able to continuously adjust and ensure we deliver on our aFRR bids, we need the following data:

Battery data:
- State of charge
- Cumulative energy meter readings for import and export
- Current active power
- Available active discharge power
- Available active charge power

Production asset data:
- Current active power
- Cumulative energy meter readings for import and export
- Available production power

Most of this data is available by default. However, for PV assets, available production power is not a standard data point; for this, an irradiance sensor (such as a pyranometer or reference cell) is required.

The customer dashboard gives a real-time view of your asset's performance, including all trades across the markets we operate in.

On the day-ahead market, bids are placed the day before delivery. Because bids are submitted blind — without knowledge of the final clearing price — these orders are visible on the dashboard once confirmed.

On the intraday market, which is a continuous market where positions can be adjusted throughout the day based on new information, trades are visible in real time as they are executed.

Imbalance orders are not visible in real time. Imbalance prices are determined per quarter hour after the fact and can fluctuate significantly — from negative to sharp upward spikes. Because these are settled retroactively, they appear on the dashboard once finalised.

The Market Results page gives an overview of your location, EANs, or asset's performance across all the energy markets we operate in. Use the date selectors at the top to filter by day, week, or month, and toggle between Summary and Detailed views. Ex-post & Portfolio data is only available on customer level per day or month.

Import & export allocation
The Allocation columns show the total energy imported and exported by your location, EAN(s), or asset(s) over the selected period. This data is confirmed by the TSO.

Total earnings
Total Earnings shows the net result of all trading activity for your location, EAN(s), or asset(s) on a given day, the combined outcome of day-ahead, intraday, and imbalance positions. A negative value on a single day or ISP is not uncommon; what matters is the overall performance across the period, which reflects the cumulative effect of all market activity including portfolio optimisation. You may also notice negative earnings within a single market. This is a normal part of how energy trading works across interconnected markets. Sometimes we deliberately buy in one market in order to sell at a profit in another. The markets are deeply interlinked and a position that appears to lose value in isolation is often part of a broader strategy that generates a positive return elsewhere. Switching off a single market would disrupt this balance and could negatively impact the overall result. We encourage you to look at the Total Earnings column as the most meaningful indicator of performance.

The three energy markets: we trade across three interconnected markets that continuously influence one another.

On the day-ahead market, bids are placed the day before delivery without knowledge of the final clearing price. We make a commitment to fulfil those nominations. In rare cases we deliberately decide not to fulfil nominations in case we see more favourable trading opportunities elsewhere. Trades are visible on the dashboard once confirmed.

The intraday market is a continuous market where positions can be adjusted throughout the day as new information and price developments emerge. Trades are visible in real time as they are executed.

On the imbalance market, prices are settled per quarter-hour after delivery and can swing from negative to sharp upward spikes. Our algorithm continuously evaluates whether to fulfil nominations or deviate to benefit from favourable imbalance prices. These results appear on the dashboard once finalised.

Ex-post market, forecasts of consumption and production are never fully accurate, which can result in imbalance costs. The ex-post market is a trading mechanism that takes place after delivery, allowing us to adjust energy positions to correct imbalances and reduce associated costs. Ex-post results are settled retroactively and appear on the dashboard once finalised. This data is only available at customer level per day or month.

Portfolio benefit Eddy Grid manages a full portfolio of assets. When one asset has a shortfall, another can offset it — reducing costly imbalance corrections. Your location, EAN(s), or asset(s) benefit from the scale and stability of this portfolio, which a standalone asset would not have access to.

The customer dashboard displays the most up-to-date day-ahead and imbalance prices, giving you real-time insight into the market conditions that drive your asset's trading strategy.

Day-ahead prices are published — as the name implies — a day before the actual trading day. This allows Eddy Grid to plan and submit bids in advance. Because Eddy Grid must decide in advance on which market to sell capacity — before the prices of those markets are known — assumptions about expected prices across all relevant markets are necessary. This applies across all markets we operate in, not just day-ahead.

Intraday prices are not displayed on the dashboard. Because the intraday market is continuous, prices change constantly, making it impossible to display a single price that gives a meaningful or reliable picture. However, on the trades page in the dashboard, you can see exactly at what price each intraday trade was executed.

Imbalance orders are not visible in real time. Imbalance prices are determined per quarter hour after the fact and can fluctuate significantly — from negative to sharp upward spikes. Because these are settled retroactively, they appear on the dashboard once finalised.

Eddy Grid's algorithm continuously calculates whether it is more advantageous to fulfil existing nominations, or to deliberately deviate from them in order to benefit from favourable imbalance prices. This real-time decision-making is one of the key drivers of optimised revenue for your assets.

Several factors can contribute to a lower number of transactions, particularly in winter:

• Limited price volatility – The market moves less, resulting in fewer trading opportunities.
• Greater share of Control State 2 – In control state 2, the grid operator determines who is permitted to produce or consume, meaning we cannot act on price differences to generate profit. This affects the available trading opportunities.
• Changes in imbalance and aFRR products – Modifications to these products influence market dynamics.
• Connection to the PICASSO platform – The integration of the Netherlands into this European platform has contributed to reduced price fluctuations.

Does this mean the algorithm is performing less well?
No. Fewer transactions are not an indication that Eddy Grid's algorithm is functioning less effectively. Returns are highly dependent on market conditions — in periods of low volatility, the available trading opportunities are simply more limited.

Generally the invoices are sent on the 25th of every month.

In some cases, imbalance costs from different customers can be offset against each other. This benefit is called portfolio advantage. 75% of it goes to the customer.

1. Ex-Post Trading:
   The costs and benefits from ex-post trades are distributed proportionally among participating customers based on their contribution to the portfolio imbalance direction. Each customer receives both their share of trading costs and the benefit of an improved imbalance position. Customers can be excluded from ex-post participation if there are issues with their measurements or by their own choice.

2. Portfolio Advantage:
   When customer imbalances naturally offset each other (one imports while another exports), the net portfolio imbalance is smaller than the sum of individual imbalances. This reduces total settlement costs. We calculate what each customer would pay individually versus the actual portfolio cost (after ex-post), and distribute the savings proportionally based on each customer’s contribution and direction.

We would love that. Our address is on our website.